Rick Escalambre

"Training Opportunity"
Rick's Upcoming Webinars

Success is where preparation and opportunity meet.

9The purpose of this site is to provide educational material. It is not designed to promote any company or diagnostic equipment. No compensation has been accepted for displaying equipment-specific information on this website.  All pictures, captures, snapshots, etc., are designed solely to teach and educate the viewer. 

The author has made every reasonable effort to ensure the material is accurate and current.

No part of this website may be reproduced, stored in a central system, transmitted, or duplicated in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the copyright holder's written permission.         

Updated 03/13/2024.

Copyright© 2023 RLEscalambre. All rights reserved.   

About Rick image
Rick Escalambre earned his bachelor's degree in Industrial Arts from San Francisco State University. He has been a part of the automotive industry for 49 years. He previously taught high school automotive courses, managed a Chevron Service Station, and owned and operated a general automotive repair business in Concord, CA.

He taught full-time at Skyline College in San Bruno, CA, for 31 years. As of June 2015, he retired from full-time teaching, continues teaching part-time, and does contract training. In addition to teaching Engine Performance related subjects, he coordinated one of California's largest and finest automotive programs.

The college’s facility, equipment, dynamometers, and vehicles allowed him to conduct in-depth research on Engine performance, Computer Controls, On-Board Diagnostic Two (OBDII) System Operation & Diagnosis, and Evaporative Emission Systems.

Rick is a respected author and editor of Engine Performance, Evaporative Emission Systems, and Computer Controls books. He aims to provide information to help teachers and technicians perform their jobs more effectively.

If you want an email notification when significant additions are made to this website, let me know, and you will be notified. If you find errors or have any questions, please send an email.

Introduction to Automotive Computer Controls             

For years, automotive engineers found it challenging to design mechanical, vacuum, and hydraulic systems that consistently and accurately deliver the needed results.  Systems strayed widely from the ideal air/fuel ratios because they could not monitor combustion or accurately control fuel delivery. They required elaborate emissions control systems to meet stringent exhaust emissions standards. These systems required much maintenance and sometimes were complicated, making them difficult to repair. If automotive engineers concentrated on increasing fuel economy and lowering emissions, performance and driveability would suffer. If they focused on reducing emissions, the economy, driveability, and performance would suffer. Electronic engine controls allow automotive engineers to restore good driveability, increase economy, lower exhaust emissions, and increase performance.

Good driveability is what the driver expects from a properly functioning engine, including easy starting, smooth idle, good acceleration through all speeds, instant response, and full power. Driveability concerns arise when a vehicle stalls, hesitates or stumbles, idles rough, surges, lacks power, is hard to start, or fails to start. 

The official start of On-Board Diagnostics I (OBD I) was in 1988 (1). At that time, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) required that all vehicles sold new in California be equipped with a Check Engine Light (CEL). CARB required manufacturers to monitor the items in the area (2) below.

On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD II) was officially required to be equipped on all 1996 and newer passenger cars and light-duty trucks. Some manufacturers installed OBD II on 1994 and 1995 model-year vehicles. CARB required manufacturers to monitor the below.
The basic principles of Computer Fundamentals do not change. The foundation is always Input, Process, and Output. An important note is to look at where the scan tool is placed in the system. It takes processed data from the ECM/PCM and decodes it so the technician can read it. Remember that connecting a scan tool means adding another module to the network.

Computer Fundamentals I-P-O principles: Input, Process, and Output apply to every computer today. Input, Process, and Output sequence is vital to proper system operation. The basic principles of Computer Fundamentals do not change.
One important note: look at where the scan tool is placed in the system. Sensors and Switches provide the Input to the Processor as raw, non-processed data; the ECM/PCM processes the data and issues digital commands to the Outputs. The scan tool decodes the processed data so the technician can read the information.


Computer Fundamentals

     All computers rely on the principles of power and ground: generally, there are at least two battery feeds and two grounds. Computer operation is most reliable when the system voltage is 12-15 volts. The computer may enter a fail-safe mode if the operating voltage drops below 10 or exceeds 17 volts.

The ECM/PCM will have a Keep Alive Memory (KAM) that should have a B+ at all times. With the ignition in the Start or Run position, at least one, possibly two terminals should have battery/charging voltage for proper ECM/PCM operation. The following pictures are demonstrating these voltages. Note that the 11.82-volt key-on engine-off is lower than normal, so don't overlook a potential battery problem.

The quality of the connections at the battery and any ground point should always be considered. The ECM/PCM grounds can be located in a variety of locations. They can be affected by corrosion, loose connections, and broken wire strands. The problems can lead to an increased voltage drop at these points. 


Before 1990, a typical ground-to-ground voltage drop could be as high as .100v or 100mV.  Since then, a typical ground-to-ground voltage drop is .050v or 50mV. If a higher-than-normal voltage drops at a ground connection, the ECM/PCM will see a higher-than-normal voltage reading from the affected circuit.




MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED; PLEASE CHECK BACK!


An automotive scan tool is an electronic device the technician uses to decode serial data, communicate with modules, diagnose problems, and sometimes reprogram vehicle control modules.

Remember that a scan tool is only as good as the user’s understanding of the data. When used with the proper reference materials, a scan tool can significantly help a knowledgeable, experienced technician performing computer-related diagnostics. Often, the device is more than a help; it's a necessity. But it cannot solve problems by itself. Understanding the data and accurately interpreting the information displayed is the key. The technician, not the tool, is the diagnostician.

Four Types of Scan Tools are available: 

  1. Code Readers – They are inexpensive and quick but might not provide all the Global MODEs.
  2. Bluetooth for Smartphones – moderately priced but might not provide all the Global MODEs.
  3. Aftermarket will display Global OBD II and Enhanced (OEM Level in most cases). 
  4. OEM factory specific, but may not include any, or all, of the Global OBD II MODEs.

A scan tool can be Wired or Wireless (Bluetooth), handheld or PC-based. To achieve a higher level of diagnostics, a Global Code Reader or Bluetooth for IOS and Smartphones will not do the job.

Two options are available when using an aftermarket scan tool, technician and there are advantages to both:

Global (EOBD) OBD II (Outlined in Red below): 

  1. Might not identify the system by Make, Model, or Year (Note: some Global Scan Tools can identify the vehicle based on the VIN). 
  2. Talks in standard Protocols to all systems. • Pre-CAN PIDS can be limited. 
  3. PIDS can be extensive and provide some PIDS the Enhanced scan tools do not provide. 
  4. Provide many PIDS similar to Enhanced OBD II but may identify them using different terminology. 
  5. It provides no bi-directional testing and can only command the EVAP Vent Solenoid On, if available.
  6. It will communicate with emission-related modules like the Engine Control Module (ECM) and Transmission Control Module (TCM).

Enhanced (OEM) OBD II (Outlined in Yellow below): 

  1. Does identify the system by VIN, Make, Model, and Year. 
  2. Talks using the protocol specific to the individual manufacturer. 
  3. It provides many PIDS similar to Global but may identify them using different terminology. 
  4. It might provide PIDS not found in Global OBD II. PIDS might be divided into pages. 
  5. Provides Bi-Directional Testing of specific Outputs. 
  6. It may provide reprogramming options.
  7. Can communicate with most, if not all, modules on the vehicle.

Many times, with pre-Can OBD II, technicians would choose the enhanced side of the scan tool. This was because it offered more PIDs.  

MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED; PLEASE CHECK BACK!


MODE $01Readiness Flag Status and Parameter Identification (PIDs)


MODE $02Powertrain Freeze Frame Data (FFD)


MODE $03Emission Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC)


MODE $04Clear/Reset Emission Related Diagnostic Information


MODE $05
Oxygen Sensor Monitoring Test Results


MODE $06Onboard Monitoring Test Results and Parameters


MODE $07Two Trip Pending Diagnostic Trouble Code


MODE $08Request Control of Onboard Component


MODE $09Request Vehicle Information


MODE $0a
Permanent Diagnostic Trouble Code (PDTC)


Some aftermarket scan tools will display the Hexadecimal symbol ($), others will not.

Snap-On Global Scan Tool


AUTEL Global Scan Tool

MODE $01 Parameter Identification (PID) displays emission-related data PIDs such as inputs, outputs, and system status. Pre-CAN global OBD II displayed between 15 and 30 PIDs.  For CAN systems, the data list was significantly expanded. When using a global scan tool (GST) to diagnose the vehicle, understand the amount of data available to view and that it will vary depending on the model year and communications protocol.

The following are three examples of PID lists.

1) This data list was captured from a 1997 pre-CAN vehicle. Because of the limited data displayed from some pre-CAN systems, many technicians chose to look at the manufacturer's (OE) specific data. In reality, there was enough information available to diagnose and repair a high percentage of vehicles.

2) This PID list was captured from a 2003 pre-CAN vehicle. For later model pre-CAN systems.

3) This PID list was captured from a 2019 CAN-equipped vehicle. The available PIDs list was expanded because CAN systems transmit data faster and in packets of 6 PIDs per request. In this case, a technician has more help to diagnose more problems through the global side of the scan tool.

Regardless of the year vehicle, learn to customize the PID list to increase the speed at which they update their data. Focus on the need-to-know PIDs, not the nice-to-know PIDs. Think of it this way: you have a one-lane road, and only six cars are moving at the same speed. The next time you drive that road, there are 30 cars on the road moving at the same speed. Which one is faster to travel through?

MODE $01 also includes the Readiness Flag Status. Readiness flag status means the testing of each flag was completed at least once since the memory was the last reset. This information can be used to verify a repair by running specific monitor test(s) and watching the readiness flag flip to COMPLETE. State emissions inspection programs use it as one requirement to pass or fail the OBD part of the inspection. 

This example shows the Monitors Complete Since DTC Cleared. Once COMPLETE, they can only be reset to Incomplete by performing a MODE $04 diagnostic clear or removing power from or reprogramming the Engine Control Module (ECM). 

If you want to verify a repair, turn off a Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) without resetting the memory. Viewing the readiness flag status Complete for Drive Cycle is an option in this case. This is also called PID $41 Monitors Complete this Drive Cycle. 

At each key-on, all readiness flags will display as Incomplete. When monitor tests required to flip a readiness flag to complete run and pass, the status will be updated to COMPLETE this drive cycle. If any readiness flag remains INCOMPLETE, the monitor test(s) required to flip that flag did not run and/or complete. Note: this open is only available while connected to a CAN-equipped system. 

Once readiness flags are COMPLETE for pre-CAN vehicles the memory must be cleared and the vehicle driven to reset the flags to Complete. 


The following video shows how to check IM Readiness Status. It will show Readiness Flag Status since the last time the memory was cleared. It will also show IM Readiness Status for this drive cycle (PID $41).

https://youtu.be/gecNp9Z7ii0


A Freeze Frame of High Priority will overright a stored FFD of lower priority.  Newer same-priority DTC/FFD will not overright a previously held FFD of the same priority.

There is only one FFD stored per system. Think of it as having one seat for two or more people (remember musical chairs)?

MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED, PLEASE CHECK BACK!

A diagnostic trouble code (DTC) Indicates the enable criteria for a monitor test has failed outside of a minimum or maximum test limit. If the MIL is illuminated, tailpipe emissions have exceeded 1.5 times the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) standards. This can occur on the first or second consecutive trip.

A five-digit alphanumeric code represents all DTCs. The first letter indicates the function of the monitored component or system that has failed:
P = Powertrain
B = Body
C = Chassis
U = Indicates a network or data link code


The second digit is represented by a number that indicates who is responsible for the code:
0 = Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
1 = Manufacturer specific

The third digit indicates the specific system in question. Numbers one through seven indicate a powertrain-related problem. The number eight is reserved for non-powertrain-related problems:
0 = Total system
1 = Air/Fuel metering control
2 = Air/Fuel metering control for injector circuit malfunctions only.
3 = Ignition system or misfire
4 = Emissions Control
5 = Vehicle Speed Control And Idle Control system
6 = ECM and Computer Input/Output Circuits
7 = Transmission
8 = Non-Powertrain related


The fourth and fifth digits represent the component, system, or area experiencing the problem.
Using DTC P0306 shown in figure 12-17 is described as:
P = Powertrain related
O = Manufacturer-defined DTC
3 = Ignition system or misfire related problem
06 = Cylinder #6 misfire detected. This MODE retrieves all stored emission-related DTCs from the PCM.


MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED, PLEASE CHECK BACK!

This MODE allows for the clearing and resetting of all DTCs (MODE $03), freeze frame data (MODE $02), readiness flag results (MODE $01), and test results values (MODEs $05 & $06).

When attempting to perform a Clearing of Diagnostic information, the Technician will always be asked: Do you wish to Continue?

The reason is that you may be clearing information that could help diagnose the problem. Or clearing the Readiness Flags could cause someone to fail a Smog Inspection.


MODE $04 does not clear learned or adaptive strategies.

MODE $05 displays the most recent oxygen sensor monitor test results. They’re stored and are not live values. It did not support Air Fuel Ratio Sensors (AFRS).

This MODE is no longer supported for CAN "C" systems; related information will be found in MODE $06.

MODE $05 reports the latest Monitor Test results for the Oxygen Sensors. It is not “live” data. It is stored in memory and replaced with newer test results.
The problem with this MODE is that not all manufacturers supported MODE $05. Also, this MODE did not allow the addition of Air Fuel Sensors.

Under CAN Regulations, MODE $05 was eliminated and moved to MODE $06.

MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED, PLEASE CHECK BACK!

MODE $06 Introduction

MODE $06 is one of 15 modes available to Global OBD II. It provides monitor test results for non-continuous monitors and sometimes continuous monitors. MODE $06 requests the ECM to view monitor test results reported after the test runs.

The ECM compares test results to the limits and reports a Pass or Fail result to the scan tool for each monitored system and component.  This MODE will report results in one trip if the monitor runs. They’re stored and are not live values.

How can it help diagnose vehicle emission-related concerns? MODE $06 monitor test results can help confirm the success of repairs for a non-continuous. MODE $06 test values (and pending DTCs) are available to the technician on a two-trip monitor’s first trip. MODE $06 test results can indicate if a monitored system (component) is close to failing a monitor test.

MODE $06 Terminology

Pre-CAN Systems: 

  • TID = Test Identification – The system (EVAP, CAT, O2, EGR, etc.) being tested. 
  • CID = Component Identification – The component or area of the system being tested.

The problem with pre-CAN MODE $06 was that TID/CID was not standardized. The following chart shows the TID/CID for a Toyota/Lexus. These numbers will be completely different when looking at other manufacturers.

CAN "C" Equipped Systems: 

  • MID = Monitor Identification: The non-continuous system (EVAP, CAT, O2, EGR, VVT, AIR) or continuous system (Misfire, Fuel system, etc.) being tested. 
  • TID = Test Identification – Specific monitor test being tested.

The chart shown below identifies MIDS for CAN "C" systems. Regardless of the manufacturer, these MIDS are standardized for all vehicles.  Some scan tools will report them by MID and not use the Monitor ID name. Some scan tools will report them using the MID and the Monitor name. Regardless, this chart applies to all CAN "C" vehicles. 

RELATED TERMINOLOGY: 

  • Test Limit Type: To pass a test, the value must be either a minimum or maximum value (or between a min/max value) 
  • Hexadecimal ($): Numeric/Alpha unit that indicates a specific TID/CID or test value (Example: $02) 
  • Raw Data: Test data in a decimal number indicates the actual test results. 
  • Manufacturer’s Conversion: A value supplied by the manufacturer to convert this data to values that can be used to diagnose a system (volts, Ohms, amps, inches of mercury, etc.). 
  • Test Value: = Actual test results. 
  • Test Result: = Indicates whether the system/component passed or failed a test.

MODE $06 Reporting Formats

Pre-CAN systems: Here is how the PCM and Scan Tool report the Test Results. 

Step 1: The PCM communicates in Hexadecimal, a combination of numbers and letters. 

Step 2:  The Scan Tool reports the results in Decimal format.  It does not show the test's name or the result's actual values.

Step 3:  The scan tool reports the monitor test name and unit value. Before CAN, this required using a manufacturer’s scan tool because unit conversion numbers differed. There was no way for an aftermarket scan tool manufacturer to keep up with the changes.

MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED; PLEASE CHECK BACK!




For most OBD II strategies, the same malfunction must occur on two driving events to illuminate the MIL. This “double” detection ensures a malfunction exists before alerting the owner. The first time a malfunction is detected, a “pending” fault code, which identifies the failing component or system, is stored in the onboard computer. If the same malfunction is again detected the next time the vehicle is operated, the MIL is illuminated, and a “confirmed” fault code is stored. When the MIL is illuminated (alerting the vehicle operator to a problem), and a vehicle is brought in for service, a technician uses the “confirmed” fault code to determine what system or component has failed. A “pending” fault code, however, can be used by service technicians to help diagnose intermittent problems and verify that repairs were successful. In these instances, a technician can use the “pending” fault code as a quicker, earlier warning of a suspected (but as yet unconfirmed) problem.

MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED, PLEASE CHECK BACK!

This MODE enables the scan tool to request the PCM to command the EVAP Vent On.

MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED, PLEASE CHECK BACK!

Any confirmed DTC currently commanding the MIL On can set a Permanent Diagnostic Troubles Code (PDTC). They first appeared in 2010 as part of a three-year phase-in period. By the 2012 model year, all vehicles could set a PDTC. The ECM must have enough memory to store a minimum of four permanent DTCs. 

The following capture is an example of the three possible DTCs:  a Pending DTC (MODE $07), a stored DTC (MODE $03), and a Permanent Diagnostic Trouble Code (MODE $0a).

A PDTC prevents a stored DTC (MODE $03) from being erased before going in for a state emissions test. This prevents a vehicle that would typically fail from passing. PDTCs are stored in a non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) to prevent them from being erased with the scan tool or by removing battery power from the ECM. 

A PDTC can only be erased from memory if the OBD system extinguishes the MIL (e.g. when the current DTC changes to a History DTC). If the memory is not cleared with a scan tool, the ECM must see the related monitor test complete and pass on three consecutive trips. The PDTC will not be removed from memory until the fourth key-on cycle. If the memory is cleared with the scan tool, the MIL will be extinguished; the MODE $03 DTC and MODE $02 Freeze Frame Data will be cleared. The PDTC will still be in memory, but it will take only one good trip to remove it from memory. 

If multiple PDTCs are present, clearing them from memory could take many trips and miles. This should not affect driveability or emissions if the stored MODE $03 DTC is no longer present. Initially, there were many issues with clearing a Permanent Diagnostic Trouble Code. Eventually, these issues were resolved by reprogramming the ECM.

For a Misfire and Fuel System PDTC, the ECM must support storing up to four similar conditions window (SCW) in NVRAM to allow proper clearing from memory. If a Misfire of Fuel System PDTC is stored during the first occurrence, the ECM must store an SCW that includes engine speed +/- 375 rpm, engine load +/-20 %, and the same warmup condition below 160°F or 160°F and above. The SCW allows the ECM to monitor the specific Misfire/Fuel system conditions when the DTC was initially set. If additional Misfire or Fuel System DTCs are specified, each must store a SCW.

Chrysler is the only manufacturer to provide this information through their factory scan tool. This is demonstrated in the following two Similar Conditions Windows captures.


For Smog Inspectors in California, pay attention to Warm up cycles and Miles Driven.  PID $30 (Warm-up Cycles Since Cleared) and PID $31 (Distance Traveled Since Cleared) are used by the OIS to Pass or Fail a vehicle with a PDTC(s). If the Warm-Up Cycles are 14 or less or the Distance Traveled is less than 200 miles, the OIS will fail the vehicle. If the Warm-Up Cycle is => 15 and the Distance Traveled is => 200 miles, the OIS will pass the PDTC status.

1. This pattern should be used for most BMW vehicles. The differences within this pattern are the methods of EVAP Leak Detection. After a cold soak start, the system will test if it has a leak detection pump (LDP). If it has a Natural Vacuum Leak Detection (NVLD) or Diagnostic Module Tank Leakage (DMTL) pump, EVAP Small Leak monitor tests will run after an extended engine-off time.

2. The procedure listed pertains to the pattern shown above. NOTE: These steps can run out of order depending on the vehicle speed and engine load.




Topics in this section include:

  1. Drive Cycle Pattern 1
  2. Drive Cycle Procedures
  3. Drive Cycle Video

1. This pattern should be used for most 1996-2007 Chrysler and Dodge vehicles. The differences within this pattern are the methods of EVAP Leak Detection.  The system will test after a cold soak start if it has a leak detection pump (LDP). If it has a Natural Vacuum Leak Detection (NVLD) or EVAP System Integrity Module (ESIM) switch, it will test after the end is shut off.

2. The procedure listed pertains to the pattern shown above. NOTE: These steps can run out of order depending on the vehicle speed and engine load.

3. The video was captured while performing the drive cycle on a dynamometer.  The factory scan tool was used to display the inner workings of the Engine Control Module (ECM).  Note: The enable criteria are shown on the scan tool at the top of each screen.  The readiness flag status for this drive cycle is displayed in the middle of the screen.



This drive cycle has been used for many FORD vehicles since 1998. One important note is that it does not mention the O2 Sensor monitor test. Experience has proven that O2 heaters and O2 readiness flags work together. The O2 heater must run and pass before the O2 monitor test will run and flip the readiness flag to Complete! 

Note: for Ford vehicles equipped with Universal Exhaust Gas Sensors (UEGO), a variation of the HEGO step listed below is required. This is covered later in this section. 

Some Ford products have an EVAP Monitor Cold Soak Bypass Timer. An internal timer in the ECM determines Cold Soak. If available, it will be displayed on the OEM side of the scan tool under Current Data/Emissions. If the status is YES, the vehicle has sat long enough to achieve a Cold Soak, allowing the EVAP monitor test to run if the fuel level is correct. If it says No, it is not ready, but it can be bypassed. To Bypass the EVAP Monitor Soak Time Command, turn the key on with the engine off and perform a MODE $04 Diagnostic Clear, but do not turn the key off. The Cold Soak Bypass Timer will switch from NO to YES. After clearing the information, do not turn the key off; start the engine and follow the abovementioned steps. It is now ready to run the EVAP monitor tests, allowing other monitor's tests to run, providing their enable criteria are met.

The Cold Soak Bypass timer is not available on all Ford vehicles. The only way to be sure is to check the emissions page through the enhanced side of the scan tool.

Topics in this section include:

  1. Drive Cycle Pattern 1
  2. Drive Cycle Procedures
  3. Drive Cycle Catalyst Monitor without EVAP video
  4. Drive Cycle EGR Monitor under deceleration video
  5. Drive Cycle EVAP 0.040" Monitor at cruise video

1. This pattern should be used for many GM vehicles starting in 1996.  It represents the vehicles that run the Catalyst monitor tests at cruise.   It is possible to run the vehicle at a steady cruise to complete the Oxygen sensor and Catalyst monitor tests first and then run the EGR monitor tests.

2. The steps listed pertain to the pattern shown above. NOTE: Depending on the startup engine temperature, vehicle speed, and engine load, these steps can run out of order.

3. This video shows the Catalyst monitor tests running to completion at cruise in steps 9 - 10 in the above pattern.  If the O2 or CAT readiness flag(s) is the only flag(s) not set, warm up the engine and follow this part of the pattern. It was edited to exclude a couple of minutes of steady cruise. Note: Some enable criteria are shown on the scan tool at the top of the screen.  The readiness flag status for this drive cycle is not displayed on the screen.

4. This video shows the EGR monitor tests running to completion after multiple decelerations.  If the EGR readiness flag is not set, warm up the engine and follow steps 1 - 8 in the above pattern. While watching the video, look closely at the PIDs used to count EGR samples. When the vehicle is accelerating, the system is in non-readiness mode.  When the vehicle is decelerating, the system is in readiness mode. Note: Some enable criteria are shown on the scan tool screen.  The readiness flag status for this drive cycle is not displayed on the screen.

5. This video shows the EVAP 0.040" monitor tests running to completion at steady cruise after a Cold Soak startup.  While watching the video, look closely at the PIDs used to monitor the system for leaks. Note: The actual monitor test is being performed, and the test result is displayed in the middle of the screen below the PIDs.  The readiness flag status for this drive cycle is not displayed on the screen.

Topics in this section include:

  1. Drive Cycle Pattern 2
  2. Drive Cycle Procedures
  3. Drive Cycle Catalyst Idle at cruise video
  4. Drive Cycle EGR Monitor under deceleration video
  5. Drive Cycle EVAP 0.040" Monitor at cruise video
  6. Drive Cycle EVAP 0.020" Engine Off Natural Vacuum (EONV) Monitor video

1. This pattern should be used for many GM vehicles starting in 1998.  It represents a vehicle that runs the Catalyst monitor tests at idle step 12.  It is possible to run the vehicle at a steady cruise to complete the Oxygen sensor and Catalyst monitor tests first and then run the EGR monitor tests.

2. The steps listed pertain to the pattern shown above. NOTE: Depending on the startup engine temperature, vehicle speed, and engine load, these steps can run out of order.

3. This video shows the GM Idle Catalyst monitor test running to completion at idle. It is recommended that full screen be selected for better video quality and clarity. The readiness flag status for this drive cycle is not displayed on the screen. 

4. This video shows the EGR Decel monitor tests running to completion after multiple decelerations.  If the EGR readiness flag is not set, warm up the engine and follow this part of the pattern. While watching the video, look closely at the PIDs used to count EGR samples. Note: Some enable criteria are shown on the scan tool screen.

The following capture shows the GM CAT monitor test running idle. This data was collected through Global OBDII on a CAN-compliant vehicle. 

This data was collected through Global OBDII on a CAN-compliant vehicle.  

Step 1: The PCM Commands a Lean-to-Rich A/F ratio; the A/F ratio is quickly changed from a Lean Command to Lambda and then to a Rich Command. 

Step 2: The system is now in an Open Loop, with no O2 Sensor Feedback Correction through Fuel Trims. 

Steps 3 & 5: The front O2s Sensors respond by indicating a Lean exhaust as the Commanded A/F ratio moves to a Lean A/F ratio, and the front O2 Sensors respond by showing a Rich Exhaust Condition as the A/F ratio moves to a Rich Command. 

Steps 4 & 6: The rear O2 Sensors respond by indicating excess oxygen exiting the CAT. As the A/F ratio command moves Rich, the CAT is slowly depleted of Oxygen, raising the rear O2 Sensor’s voltages. 

The CAT Monitor has now been Completed because no DTC is present. MODE $06 test results showed both CATs passing within the Min/Max Parameters. If you understand the enable criteria and the PIDs available, you can set up a custom screen to watch the operation of some monitor tests as they run.

5. This video shows the EVAP 0.040" monitor tests running to completion at steady cruise after a Cold Soak startup.  While watching the video, look closely at the PIDs used to monitor the system for leaks. Note: Some enable criteria are shown on the scan tool screen. The actual monitor test is displayed in the middle of the screen. 

6. This scan tool graphing video shows the EVAP 0.020" very small leak monitor tests running to completion with the engine-off.  

Topics in this section include:

  1. Drive Cycle Pattern
  2. Drive Cycle Procedures
  3. Drive Cycle Video without EVAP
  4. Drive Cycle EVAP Video

1. This pattern should be used for most NISSAN/INFINITI vehicles between 1998 - 2003.  During these years, the EVAP system tested under pressure in Steps 5 & 6.

2. The steps listed pertain to the pattern shown above. NOTE: Depending on the startup engine temperature, vehicle speed, and engine load, these steps can run out of order.

3. This video was captured while performing this drive cycle on a dynamometer.  The factory scan tool at that time displayed the inner workings of the Engine Control Module (ECM).  Pattern 1 does not show Steps 5 & 6 for the EVAP portion of the drive cycle. These steps will be shown in the following video.

4. This video shows NISSAN Pattern 1 Step 5.  Step 6 is only required if the Fuel Temp Sensor does not rise at least 2 degrees Celsius (4 degrees F).  Focus on the Fuel Tank Temperature, Purge VOL, VAC Cut, and Vent solenoids. The OE side of the scan tool will have to be accessed to see these PIDs.  NOTE: The vent solenoid might not be displayed when using an aftermarket scan tool.

Topics in this section include:

  1. Drive Cycle Pattern
  2. Drive Cycle Procedures
  3. Drive Cycle without EVAP Video
  4. Drive Cycle EVAP Video

1. This pattern was used for most NISSAN/INFINITI between 2004 & later vehicles.  The EVAP system will be tested under a vacuum in Steps 4 & 5 during these years. If the Fuel Tank Temperature Sensor indicates the fuel tank temperature has not increased enough, step 6 must be performed.

2. The steps listed pertain to the pattern shown above. NOTE: Depending on the startup engine temperature, vehicle speed, and engine load, these steps can run out of order.

3. This video was captured while performing the drive cycle on a dynamometer.  The factory scan tool at that time displayed the inner workings of the Engine Control Module (ECM). NISSAN Pattern 2 was used for most NISSAN/INFINITI vehicles after 1998.  The main difference after 2003 was with the EVAP system.  The video does not show Steps 5 & 6 in Pattern 2.  Those steps will be shown in the following video.

4. This video shows NISSAN Pattern Steps 4 - 5.  Step 6 is only required if the Fuel Temp Sensor does not rise a minimum of 4⁰ F (2⁰ C).  Performing step 6 multiple times will slosh the fuel in the tank, increasing temperature and pressure. Focus your attention on the Purge VOL and Vent solenoids.  This system leaks, so the PCM first tests the system using vacuum decay and then proceeds to test the system under pressure.



This section is being added and will be completed soon!

Topics in this section include:

  1. Drive Cycle Pattern
  2. Drive Cycle Procedures
  3. Drive Cycle without EVAP video
  4. Drive Cycle non-Intrusive EVAP video

1. This pattern should be used for 1996-2000 Toyota and Lexus vehicles. These vehicles were equipped with a non-Intrusive Evaporative Emission System.

2. The steps listed pertain to the pattern shown above. NOTE: Depending on the startup engine temperature, vehicle speed, and engine load, these steps can run out of order.

3. This video was captured while performing the drive cycle on a dynamometer.  The factory scan tool at that time displayed the inner workings of the Engine Control Module (ECM).

4. This video shows the non-Intrusive EVAP monitor tests running to completion at steady cruise after a Cold Soak startup.  While watching the video, look closely at the PIDs (Purge, Vapor Pressure, and Vapor Pressure Solenoid); they monitor the system for leaks. Note:  The readiness flag status for this drive cycle is displayed at the bottom of the screen.


Topics in this section include:

  1. Drive Cycle Pattern
  2. Drive Cycle Procedures
  3. Drive Cycle without EVAP video
  4. Drive Cycle Intrusive EVAP video

1. This pattern should be used for 2001 and newer Toyota and Lexus vehicles. These vehicles were equipped with an Intrusive or Vacuum Pump Evaporative Emission System.



This section will address some oddities when performing individual monitor tests, separate from running a complete drive cycle.

MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED; PLEASE CHECK BACK!




This section will cover the following topics:

  • Define the differences between a readiness flag and a monitor test.
  • Present a driver-seat diagnostic plan for handling incomplete readiness flags for non-continuous monitor tests! 
  • Define In-Use Monitor Performance Tracking (IUMPT) Numerator (Completions), Denominator (Conditions), and Numerator/Denominator Ratio.
  • Develop an understanding of how GLOBAL OBDII MODES, MODE $09 & MODE $06, can be used to identify why a Readiness Flag won’t Flip to Complete.
  • Discuss a variety of Case Studies applying the techniques covered in this workshop.

What is the difference between a readiness flag and a monitor test?

A Readiness Flag is used to report that a specific emission-related system has completed testing. Each readiness flag can consist of one or multiple individual monitor tests. State emissions programs use some readiness flags as part of an official Inspection, and a minimum number of readiness flags must be Completed to pass the Inspection.

Non-continuous readiness flags can only flip to complete “Once Per Trip” when the enable criteria are met for the following:

  • Catalyst(s)
  • Oxygen & Air Fuel Sensor(s)
  • Heated Oxygen & Air Fuel Sensor(s)
  • EGR and VVT
  • Evaporative Emissions 
  • Secondary Air Injection

A system-specific Monitor test can set a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC). It should not be associated with only readiness flag status because every DTC has a related monitor test used to pass or fail a system or component. A monitor test applies to both non-continuous and continuous monitor testing. 

The following capture shows a non-continuous monitor test will run once per trip if passing. If the marginal or failing, the ECM will run the test multiple times during the same trip. So, non-continuous readiness flag tests can only be completed once per trip, but the monitor test can run multiple times if failing.

The following plan is a driver-seat diagnostic approach to handling incomplete readiness flags for non-continuous monitor tests. 

The most common response for a technician preparing the vehicle for an emissions inspection is I can't get the monitors to run. The better response should be, I can't get the ............flag to complete. Once the technician understands this, an organized driver-seat systematic approach is needed.

Here is a plan to help organize that systematic approach. The chart can be used on almost all OBD II vehicles. The box below for In-Use Monitor Performance Tracking (IUMPT) provides a history to identify a problematic readiness flag. This should be considered when quoting a price to run and set one or more readiness flags. 

As you move through this chart, note the vehicle's year and how many readiness flags are set to Not Complete.

Begin by verifying the readiness flag status in MODE $01 for Monitors Since DTCs Last Cleared. The following capture is a red flag that Modified Software was installed because all readiness flags have been disabled and reported as unsupported. This vehicle has most likely been tuned with an aftermarket tuner, and the readiness flags have been disabled. 

The following capture could have occurred because the memory cleared, the vehicle had been driven such that no enable criteria were met, and more driving was required. It could also be the battery died, the Keep-Alive Memory to the ECM lost power was removed, or the ECM was reprogrammed. 

This indicates another approach is required because the O2 Sensor is the only readiness flag needed to pass the Smog Inspection. This could pose a problem and cost time and money.

The following will define In-Use Monitor Performance Tracking Completions, Conditions, and Ratios. 

For CAN “C” equipped vehicles, check MODE $09, In-Use Monitor Performance Tracking (IUMPT), to see the frequency with which each readiness flag runs. This information might be found on some 2007 model-year vehicles with ISO 9141 and J1850 protocols. IUMPT can provide valuable information about the success rate for setting each readiness flag.

The word Numerator identifies the Completions. It represents the actual monitoring events where the OEM enable criteria ran long enough that a malfunctioning component or system would have been detected. Regardless, if the readiness flag Passes or Fails, the Numerator will be incremented. The Numerator alone does not indicate the chances of completing a readiness flag or flags.

The word Denominator identifies the Conditions. It represents the number of times the manufacturer has met the CARB criteria and been charged with a trip. Meeting CARB criteria establishes a charged trip against the manufacturer. Understand that the Denominator is a measure of vehicle driving activity; it is not a measure of actual monitoring opportunities. The Denominator alone does not indicate the chances of completing a readiness flag or flags. 

Knowing the Completions and Conditions creates an In-Use Monitor Performance Track Ratio (IUMPR). This ratio allows CARB to track the frequency of a readiness flag monitor test that runs long enough to detect a failing component or system. Understanding this ratio can be invaluable for the technician when identifying difficult-to-complete readiness flags.

CARB established the below minimum in-use ratios for 2010 and newer vehicles. During the phase-in years of 2007-2009, the In-Use Monitor Performance Ratio (IUMPR) requirements were 0.100 for all tracked readiness flags. These are the minimum acceptable ratios established by CARB but unacceptable for the technician. The ratio displayed in MODE $09 on the vehicle gives the technician an idea of the chances of completing a readiness flag or flags.  

The following capture is from a vehicle equipped with a 0.040” EVAP leak detection monitor test. The minimum CARB ratio for a 0.040” EVAP leak detection monitor test is .520 (0.40” Leak). This particular vehicle is well below the minimum acceptable ratio.  

What is the Definition of a CARB Denominator Trip? 

The Catalyst, O2 Sensors, EGR, and VVT Denominators should be incremented only on trips that meet the following CARB Criteria:

  • The total Propulsion time for the current trip is >/= 10 minutes,
  • Total run time above 25mph during the current trip is >/= 5 mins,
  • One continuous idle during the current trip is >/= 30 seconds,
  • The elevation is < 8000 feet,
  • Ambient Temperature is > 20⁰ F.
  • Hybrid vehicles, cumulative fueled engine operation >= 10 s

Additional Monitor-Specific CARB Criteria:

  • Secondary AIR also requires a 10-second commanded “ON” signal.
  • Honda/Acura i-VTEC without EGR: requires both a mid-range (4500 Rpm) and full-range (>6200) commanded "ON" signal.
  • At startup, EVAP requires ECT and IAT temperatures to be within approximately 10°F of each other. The ECT temperature must be between 40°- 95°F.
  • If the above conditions are not met, then a CARB Trip is not charged against the manufacturer.

The CARB Trip is comprised of three tests:

  • Total Propulsion Time =10 minutes.
  • One continuous 30-second idle.
  • 5 minutes of accumulated drive time above 25mph.

Only one CARB trip per readiness flag can occur per key cycle!

The following capture shows In-Use Monitor Performance Tracking data. The OBD Monitoring Conditions 745 matches the Catalyst, O2 Sensor, EGR/VVT, and Secondary O2 Sensor conditions. While this will not always be the case, they will typically be close.

One readiness flag is not shown in the previous capture; the O2 Heater is omitted. Why not? CARB does not see it as that critical because it is not calibrated to an emission threshold (like a heater performance fault before emissions exceed 1.5x standards); it is just a functional check: is the heater working or not working?

In the following capture, note that the Numerators and Denominators incremented for the Catalyst, O2 Sensors, and EGR/VVT. Assuming all monitor tests have passed, it is safe if no DTC is present. This shows what happens when an OEM and CARB trip is complete in the same key cycle. The EVAP numerator and denominator remained unchanged, indicating they did not meet the OEM or CARB trip definition.

Note: IUMPT will not increment until the key is turned off long enough to end the previous trip; it will update at the next key-on cycle.

The vehicle in the following capture was equipped with a Key-Off EVAP system. After the key was turned off and the vehicle sat long enough to allow the Key-Off EVAP monitor tests to run and increment the Completions during an OEM trip that did not meet the criteria for a CARB trip. The manufacturer was not charged for a CARB trip, so the Numerator Increased without the Denominator Increasing.

The following capture shows the completions for the O2 and EGR increments during many OEM trips that did not meet the criteria of the CARB trip. This could happen for the following reasons:

  • The vehicle is in excellent working order, and the enable criteria are easily met, so readiness flag monitor tests are completed more frequently without meeting the requirements for a CARB trip. 
  • The vehicle could be in an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) MODE that requires multiple trips. During these trips, the Numerator will increment when the required monitor test runs long enough to detect a Pass/Fail.

Why didn’t the Denominator increment? An example would be starting the vehicle and immediately accelerating to 55mph while cruising the O2/AFS and CAT monitor test run. The technician immediately stopped and shut off the vehicle after five minutes with only four minutes above 25 mph and no thirty-second continuous idle period. Did this trip meet the definition of a CARB Trip? The answer is No. Look back at the criteria for a CARB trip.

What do these readings tell you about your ability to run these monitor tests? The ratios are well over one, indicating that their readiness flags should be easy to flip to Complete.

The following was captured from Ford OBDII Reference Data for Gasoline or Hybrid vehicles to show what DTC(s) will increment the Numerator. If this specific DTC test runs long enough to determine if the system or component could fail, the Numerator will increment. These DTCs are also considered a "Once Per Trip" monitor test. It should be typical of other manufacturers.

Each DTC relates to an individual monitor test. Multiple monitor tests can pass, and the readiness flag remains Not Complete. The following capture shows all the O2 sensor DTCs available on one vehicle. The "Once Per Trip" DTCs highlighted in Green are the DTCs responsible for flipping the readiness flag to complete.   

Learn to quickly scan the MODE $06 MIDs related to pre-and post-oxygen sensors. If any of the TIDs report a Test Result of 0, that is most likely the blocker preventing the readiness flag from flipping to complete. This video demonstrates the technician scanning MODE $06 TIDs because the O2 Sensor flag is incomplete. In this case, it cannot be said that the monitor would not run; many monitor tests have run, but the monitor test required to flip the flag has not run yet.

In this next video, MID $01 and TID $85, shown in the previous video, are now run and passed. The readiness flag is now Complete.


MORE CONTENT TO BE ADDED; PLEASE CHECK BACK!



This section will address "E/E Diagnostic Test Modes: Onboard Diagnostics II on Unified Diagnostic Services (OBDonUDS), SAE 1979-2

  1. What is UDS? 
  2. Implementation 
  3. OBDonUDS Data Enhancements 
  4. SAE J1979 versus SAE J1979-2 Standards 
  5. How will this impact current I/M programs?

1. Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) is a new software program that will reformat how diagnostic information is displayed using a Generic Scan Tool (GST). It will organize diagnostic services into user-friendly groups and provide more detailed diagnostic information. These new UDS services for OBD will be called “OBDonUDS" and will use SAE J1979-2 standards. 

     It will require a new communications protocol, ISO 14229. Scan tool manufacturers are currently developing the software to meet the requirements. It will still use CAN communication (i.e., pins 6 + 14) through the current OBD-II connector (SAE J1962). These vehicles must use J1979-2 for all OBD-II communications and will not respond to protocols that are currently used. OBDonUDS includes classic J1979 Modes $01 to $0A and features such as DTC-specific Readiness Flag test results and IUMPR to OBD.

2.  Implementation of OBDonUDS is for all LD and MD OBD II vehicles. The system will be installed on some 2024/2025/2026 model-year vehicles. The number of vehicles equipped with the services each model year is up to the manufacturers. It is expected that full implementation will occur with the 2027 model-year vehicles. 

3.  OBDonUDS Data Enhancements will include 1) expanded readiness group categories, 2) redefined readiness completion requirements for misfire, fuel system, and comprehensive components, 3) added DTC status byte to provide DTC-specific readiness and other DTC-specific info (i.e., pending status, confirmed status, and complete this drive cycle), 4) Enhanced freeze frame support to 5 DTCs where each DTC will have two allotted freeze frames (one for the first occurrence and the second for the most recent event), 5) expanded DTC naming to 3 bytes (no longer using 2-byte DTCs), added failure type byte (FTB) to current DTC names to create more DTCs available for use, 6) and added evaporative system (EVAP) sealing functionality.

4.   SAE J1979 versus SAE J1979-2 Standards:

OBD FunctionalitySAE J1979 (OBDII)SAE 1979-2 (OBDonUDS)
Powertrain Data/Readiness StatusMODE $01Service $22
Freeze Frame DataMODE $02Service $19/$04
Confirmed DTCMODE $03Service $19/$04
Clear Emissions DataMODE $04Service $14
DTC Test ResultsMODE $06Service $19/$06
Pending DTCsMODE $07Service $19/$42
Request ControlMODE $08Service $31
Vehicle Information (CAL ID and CVN)MODE $09Service $22
DTC In-Use Monitor Performance Ratio (IUMPR)MODE $09Service $19/$06
Permanent DTCsMODE $0aService $19/$55
*List of DTCs within each Readiness Group
No SupportService $19/$56
*List of DTCs that support IUMPR*No SupportService $19/$1A/$91
 *List of DTCs that support DTC Test Results*No SupportService $19/$1A/$92
*Supplemental Monitor Activity Data*No SupportService $19/$06
*New to OBDonUDS*



To better understand MODE $09 and IUMPR, refer to the section about OBDII MODES $01 - $0a.

5.   How will this impact current I/M programs?

      It will require a software or hardware update to the Generic Scan Tool (GST)and more memory to account for the new, more significant message responses. The I/M database storage must be updated to account for new data (both size and format).  New readiness categories will be used as additional failure criteria (more data to determine if the vehicle ran its emissions monitor test before an I/M test). The additional data can be used for fraud detection and give more insight into the performance of emissions monitor tests.


Additional information will be added at a later date!



Evaporative emission systems (EVAP) have been used as an anti-pollution system on most 1970 light-duty vehicles sold in California. Some medium/heavy-duty and 4x4 vehicles had later deadlines.  Starting in 1971, all Federal/USEPA vehicles (forty-nine states) were required to be equipped with some evaporative emission system. EVAP regulations prohibited uncontrolled hydrocarbons from entering the atmosphere from the evaporative emission system.    

Evaporative emission systems trap, store, and release gasoline vapors into the engine to mix with the incoming air/fuel mixture.  These gasoline vapors are also called volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Volatile organic compounds are those parts of a fuel’s composition that contribute to photochemical smog when introduced into the atmosphere. 

Over 20% of the hydrocarbons a motor vehicle generates result from fuel evaporation when the engine is not running.  Hydrocarbon emissions caused by evaporative emissions can be defined as follows: 

1.    Diurnal Loss: Vapors vent to the charcoal canister as the ambient temperature rises during the day.  Excess vapors will enter the atmosphere if the charcoal canister reaches a saturation point.  Diurnal loss is measured with the engine off and usually occurs within 35 minutes of shutdown. 

2.    Hot Soak: The engine remains hot long after the vehicle has been turned off.  For 35 minutes, emissions are measured to gauge this event.  Evaporation occurs from fuel that has been heated in the engine compartment and all fuel supply and vent lines.   

3.    Resting Loss: Gasoline permeates rubber and plastic components in the fuel system while the vehicle is at rest.  This event occurs when the vehicle has been turned off and allowed to sit for at least thirty-five minutes in a steady or decreasing ambient temperature condition. 

4.    Running Loss: Gasoline vaporizes as the engine is running.  The running loss test is conducted in an enclosure on a dynamometer.  The exhaust gases are routed out of the enclosure, leaving only vapors from evaporation.  The running loss test occurs over one hour while the vehicle is driven through three consecutive Federal Test Procedure (FTP) drive cycles.           

The EPA has devised the Sealed Housing Evaporative Determination Test (SHED).  All evaporative hydrocarbon emissions from fuel, tires, and plastics are collected and measured during this test.  This test includes a multi-day Diurnal Test (Enhanced Evaporative Emission Test), where the vehicle is repeatedly heated and cooled to simulate the effects of hot and cold ambient temperatures.  The figure below shows a drawing of the SHED setup. Courtesy of Colorado State University-NCVECS           

Factory emission tests have determined that an EVAP system with a leak as small as .020 inch can yield an average of 1.35 grams of hydrocarbons per vehicle per driven mile.  This is over thirty times the current allowable exhaust emissions standard. Evaporative System Operation  The Evaporative Emission Control (EVAP) system is designed to store and dispose of fuel vapors usually created in the fuel system, preventing its escape to the atmosphere.  The EVAP system delivers these vapors to the intake manifold to be burned with the usual air/fuel mixture.  This fuel charge is added during periods of closed-loop operation when the closed-loop fuel control system can manage the additional enrichment.  Improper operation of the EVAP system may cause rich driveability problems and failure of the Two-Speed-Idle test or Enhanced I/M loaded mode ASM test. The EVAP system is a fully closed system designed to maintain stable fuel tank pressure without allowing fuel vapors to escape into the atmosphere.  Fuel vapor is usually created in the fuel tank due to evaporation.  It is then transferred to the EVAP system charcoal canister when tank vapor pressures become excessive.  The canister absorbs fuel vapors until it becomes fully saturated.  When engine operating conditions can tolerate additional enrichment, these stored fuel vapors are purged into the intake manifold and added to the incoming air/fuel mixture. 

Types of Evaporative Emission Systems        

Identifying the type of EVAP system equipped on the vehicle is essential.  Since 1970, several methods have been used.  The following are the most common: 

1.    Non-ECM-controlled EVAP systems use solely mechanical means to collect and purge stored fuel vapors.  Typically, these systems use a ported vacuum purge port and a Thermo or Ported Vacuum Switch to prohibit system operation during a cold start or warm-up. 

2.  Pre-OBD II ECM Controlled EVAP systems use a ported or intake manifold vacuum purge source with a duty-cycled vacuum switching solenoid.  This type of EVAP system can provide more precise control of purge-flow volume and operation inhibition.  It cannot check the system for leaks.  Sometimes, the ECM does not know if purge flow occurred. 

3.    OBD II systems will be seen in either Non-Enhanced or Enhanced form.  This book will address these two systems: 

A)  Non-enhanced systems can only detect purge flow but cannot check the system for leaks.  These systems do not include a readiness monitor. They were installed on some 1996 and 1997 model-year vehicles.  

B)   Enhanced systems can detect purge flow and system leaks by using vacuum switches or pressure sensors.  A vent solenoid, vent valve, or closed canister valve can identify them.  Some systems test when the key is turned off.  All systems include a readiness monitor. Enhanced EVAP has required equipment on all 1998 and newer model-year vehicles. Enhanced EVAP systems can be divided into various types that accomplish the same goal using different methods.  Depending on the model year, enhanced evaporative emission systems must be capable of identifying leaks as small as .040 inch or .020 inch.  These systems perform the test by either lowering the pressure, thus creating a vacuum, or increasing the pressure through a pump. 

Methods of Testing Enhanced Evaporative Emission Systems 

1.    Vacuum Decay:  The vacuum method utilizes a purge solenoid, vent solenoid, or close canister valve (CCV) and a fuel tank pressure sensor (FTP).  These components monitor the evaporative emission system for leaks.  This system uses an engine vacuum through the purge solenoid to create a vacuum in the closed system.  This is the most common system in use today. 

2.    Fuel Tank Pressure/Canister Vacuum: This system has been used by Honda and Toyota and can isolate the fuel tank from the charcoal canister to pinpoint the leak.  Toyota utilizes two versions of this system: a non-intrusive system, which was used from 1996-2002, the second is called an intrusive system, which was introduced in 2000.  

3.    Leak Detection Pump: This system pressurizes or creates a vacuum in the evaporative emission system through a leak detection pump (LDP).  LDP has been used by Audi, BMW, Chrysler, Hyundai, Mitsubishi (Chrysler products), Volkswagen, and Volvo.  In 2000, BMW, Hyundai, and Mazda introduced a Diagnostic Module for Tank Leakage (DM-TL) pump to pressurize the system with the engine off.  Toyota 2005 introduced a vacuum pump module key-off system. 

4.    Engine off Natural Vacuum Leak:  This system works on the fluid’s vacuum/pressure principle in a closed container.  As temperature increases - the pressure increases if no leaks are present.  This system primarily tests for a very small leak (.020”).  It first appeared in 2002 model year vehicles, and Chrysler, Ford, GM, and Honda use variations of this system. To inspect or repair these systems, the technician must be able to identify them.

Even though the EVAP system performed well, it could not control the hydrocarbons escaping during refueling.  Starting in 1998, vehicles were required to have an On-board Re-fueling and Vapor Recovery (ORVR).  The vapor return systems installed on gas pump nozzles had relatively little effect on the amount of vapor escaping.         

As a result, the ORVR system was created to trap the hydrocarbons released during refueling.  An ORVR system was designed to control vapors produced during refueling by routing them to the canister during fuel refill.         

As fuel is channeled into the Fuel Tank, the ORVR system directs the fuel vapor to be stored in the EVAP Canister.  This vapor is later routed to the engine to be burned during normal combustion. The EVAP and ORVR systems have been very successful in the containment of hydrocarbon emissions.        

To see how this is accomplished, let’s first take a look at the components in the system: The ORVR system can consist of the following: 

1.  Fuel Filler Neck:  The filler neck on many models consists of the main pipe for the fuel delivery into the tank, the one or smaller lines that help control fuel vapor flow, and tank overflow control.  The ORVR fuel filler neck is designed to make a dynamic liquid seal, dispensing fuel from the fuel nozzle.  The smaller diameter filler neck creates suction around the fill neck opening. It draws air and any escaping vapors into the filler neck to be pushed into the tank during refueling. 

2.  Fuel Shut-Off (Fuel Cut) Valve: The fuel cut valve (anti-spit back) valve prevents fuel from splashing back up the filler neck. The spring-loaded valve opens automatically when refueling.  The force of the fuel flowing is enough to open the valve when refueling. 

3.  Fill Vent Valve: The fill vent valve controls the flow of vapors during refueling. The valve is open when the tank is near empty.  As fuel enters the tank, the vapors flow into the charcoal canister through the fill vent valve.  A float in the valve rises as the fuel level approaches the full point. When the tank is full, the valve is closed to prevent liquid fuel from going through the valve. 

4.  Fuel Rollover Valve: The primary purpose of the rollover valve is to allow vapors to flow from the fuel tank to the charcoal canister.  When the vehicle is parked on a steep incline, the valve is closed to prevent fuel spillage from the fuel tank into the charcoal canister.  In the event of a vehicle rollover, it keeps liquid fuel out of the EVAP canister. 

5.  Fuel Liquid/Vapor Separator: The liquid-vapor separator prevents liquid fuel droplets from reaching the vapor canister. A barrier inside the separator allows vapor to travel freely, but fuel droplets are too heavy and trapped. The droplets either travel back into the fuel tank or vaporize and are stored in the charcoal canister. 

6.  Two-Way Valve for Pressure/Vacuum Relief: The two-way valve is a directional valve that allows fresh air into the charcoal canister.  The valve also acts as a pressure relief valve if the system pressure gets too high.  The arrow on the valve points toward the charcoal canister.  When testing this valve, air should pass easily in one direction, and airflow should be somewhat restricted in the other direction.  When replacing this valve, refer to the system diagram for the correct installation.  The arrow on the valve indicates the direction of airflow.  This valve must be installed in the right direction. 

7.  Hoses, Pipes, and Gaskets: The hoses, pipes, and clamping devices are critical to proper ORVR operation.  Misrouted, damaged, or disconnected hoses can cause various symptoms, including difficulty filling the fuel tank with fuel or the MIL light coming “ON” for an evaporative system leak Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC). 

8.  Charcoal Canister: The charcoal canister stores fuel vapors.  The canister contains activated charcoal.  During refueling, the charcoal can absorb fuel vapors, cleaning the vapor mixture and allowing uncontaminated air to escape into the atmosphere.  Fresh air drawn into the canister during purging releases the fuel vapors and recharges the charcoal.  Details of this are covered in the evaporative system components section.        

These components work together with the ECM to prevent fuel vapor from escaping and route it to the intake manifold to be burned during normal combustion.  Either through heat or agitation, fuel vapor builds up inside the Fuel Tank.         

The fill pipe diameter reduces after the unleaded restrictor plate. This restricted pipe size forms a liquid seal into the tank rather than letting fumes escape. The check valve is spring-loaded to prevent fuel from entering the filler pipe.        During refueling, a small amount of air is drawn into the filler pipe to prevent fuel vapors from escaping into the air during refueling. These vapors are drawn into the fuel nozzle and returned to the station’s tank.        

The vapor valve vents to the canister through the ORVR valve, which has a float to close off the vent when the tank is full.  A faulty ORVR valve can leak or cause difficulty when filling the tank, as pressure builds and causes early shut off of the filler nozzle.  Both valves shut off during a rollover event.        

The ORVR valve may have a pressure relief valve, spring loaded in both directions for zero pressure in the tank and zero vacuum, that is vented to the atmosphere. A buzzing noise may be heard in hot weather conditions just as the engine is turned off. This is because the tank is being sealed under low pressure.        

The primary purpose of this system is to route the fuel vapors that may escape from the filler neck during vehicle refueling into the EVAP canister. The canister absorbs these vapors and then purges them during driving. 

Operation  As the tank is refueled, a slight vacuum is created in the Signal Line by moving fuel at the top of the filler neck. This vacuum signal is applied to the top of the Refueling Control Valve by the Signal Line, which opens the Refueling Control Valve.        The fuel entering the fuel tank creates a slight positive pressure in the tank, which causes the EVAP Vapor Cut Valve to open.  With the Refueling Control Valve and EVAP Vapor Cut Valve open, fuel vapor can travel directly from the tank to the EVAP canister via the Refueling EVAP Vapor Line.  The Recirculation Line minimizes the amount of fresh air pulled into the tank by recirculating the air in the tank, to the filler neck, and back to the tank. 

Troubleshooting Most concerns about the ORVR system will be "slow-fill" concerns. A faulty ORVR valve can leak or cause difficulty when filling the tank, as pressure builds and causes early shut off of the filler nozzle.  Some owners may experience difficulty 'filling their vehicles with gasoline and a premature shut-off condition due to the gas pump nozzles installed at their gas stations. The nozzles at these stations are in the process of being retrofitted or replaced by the nozzle manufacturers. In the meantime, owners should follow instructions posted near the gas pump and try filling the vehicle at a different gas station. If the refueling difficulty continues, verify that the 1/2" vapor path from the fill vent valve on the gas tank to the air filter on the charcoal canister is entirely free and clear. To perform the procedure below, ensure the fuel tank is below 1/4 tank full. To quickly determine the general location of a possible vapor path restriction, Disconnect the hose connected to the canister side of the liquid-vapor separator. Take the vehicle to a known "good" or major brand gas station. A. If the vehicle accepts fuel, the restriction is between the liquid-vapor separator and the air filter. B. The restriction is located between the liquid-vapor separator and the fuel tank if the vehicle does not readily accept fuel. After the restriction has been isolated to either half of the system, inspect each component to ensure it is free and clear of any restrictions. Verify that no back pressure can be felt anywhere between the fill vent valve and the air filter at the canister. All hoses and tubes for the ORVR System must be free and clear for proper operation.  The ORVR lines are part of the EVAP system, so don't overlook them when diagnosing an EVAP leak concern.  Blow through one end of the pipe using lung power when checking the liquid-vapor separator. NO back pressure should be felt. Please verify that the Fill Vent Valve is open by carefully removing the valve and confirming that the white plastic shut-off plunger moves freely inside its cage. A hard-to-fill condition may result if the Fuel Cut Valve plunger is stuck closed.  Verify that the plunger moves up and down freely, allowing fuel to enter the tank but does not allow fuel to travel up the neck (under pressure).  The plunger should be "up" (closed) in its free state. When working with the Fill Vent Valve and associated plumbing, replace the hoses with the proper hose clips to prevent fuel from getting trapped/puddled in the vapor hose. Return fuel from the liquid-vapor separator must have a clear path to drain back to the tank. Related DTCs: P0442 Small Leak P0456 Very Small Leak

  • Apply (opencccapply.net)
  • When completing the application, you will be asked about your Educational Goals.  Check non-degree and maintain a Certificate or License (Upgrading your Skills).  Selecting any other options will refer you to a counselor, holding up your registration.
  • Please add a cell phone and regular email address to your account.
  • Usually, but not always, within 24 hours, they will send you an email allowing you to register.
  • Once in WEBSMART, select Student Services, Registration Add/Drop, Spring 2023 Semester.
  • Upcoming ONLINE Spring 2024 Smog Check Update classes:
    • February 24/25, the class Course Reference Number (CRN) is 48189.
    • May 18/19, the class Course Reference Number (CRN) is 48190.
  • After processing the application, they will have you create a WebSmart login. Please change your educational goal in WebSmart to “Improve job skills or self-development” to exempt you from orientation, assessment, and counseling.
  • Pay your fees. 
  • I will send you specific information about the course and the materials before the start of the class.

If you have any questions, email me at escalambre@smccd.edu.

Join WTI & Rick Escalambre with Delphi for next week's FREE 1 one-hour lunchtime Technical Training class: OBD II: Uncovering the Mysteries of Running Monitor Tests From 12pm to 1pm - repeated LIVE in each of the following time zones listed below:

Date: Tuesday, Mar 19, 2024Central: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/.../4900288466919389536...Pacific: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/.../6222038882459751518...

Date: Thursday, Mar 21, 2024Eastern: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/.../9071178074748377430...Mountain: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/.../1515304481857887833

Videos created by Rick can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/@rickescalambre7476/videos

The videos were created during actual class sessions in the classroom or the lab. 

Technical Training, Management Training, Automotive Industry Expos, Tradeshows and Meetings. We have it all in one easy-to-use automotive events calendar. https://industryattends.com/